MYP 3 · Maths
THE GEOMETRY OF POLYGONS
Quadrilaterals
QUESTION 1 [3 marks] — Criterion A
Medium
The quadrilateral shown has three known angles.
a.
State the angle sum of any quadrilateral.
[1] Show Solution
360°
b.
Find the value of $x$.
[2] Show Solution
$$x=360-85-95-110=70°$$
QUESTION 2 [3 marks] — Criterion A
Medium
A quadrilateral has two right angles and two other EQUAL unknown angles, $x$.
a.
Write and solve an equation for $x$.
[2] Show Solution
$$90+90+x+x=360 \Rightarrow 2x=180 \Rightarrow x=90°$$
b.
Given all four angles are 90°, what special type of quadrilateral must this be?
[1] Show Solution
A rectangle (or square, if the sides are also all equal) — any quadrilateral with all four angles equal to 90° qualifies.
QUESTION 3 [5 marks] — Criterion B
Medium
Investigate why the angle sum of a quadrilateral (360°) is exactly DOUBLE the angle sum of a triangle (180°).
a.
Draw a diagonal across any quadrilateral, splitting it into two triangles. How many triangles are formed?
[1] Show Solution
2 triangles.
b.
Since each triangle has an angle sum of 180°, and the quadrilateral's angles are made up of exactly these two triangles' angles combined (with no overlap or gap), what must the quadrilateral's total angle sum be?
[2] Show Solution
$2 \times 180° = 360°$ — this matches the known angle sum of a quadrilateral exactly.
c.
Using this same 'split into triangles' idea, predict the angle sum of a PENTAGON (5 sides), which can be split into 3 triangles from one vertex.
[2] Show Solution
$$3 \times 180° = 540°$$
QUESTION 4 [4 marks] — Criterion C
Medium
A student calculates a quadrilateral's fourth angle, given three angles of 100°, 85°, and 90°, by writing '$100+85+90=275°$, so the fourth angle is also $275°$' (repeating the sum instead of subtracting from 360°).
a.
Explain the student's error, and find the correct fourth angle.
[2] Show Solution
The student found the sum of the three KNOWN angles but then incorrectly used that same number as the fourth angle, instead of subtracting it from the total 360° to find what remains. Correct: $360-275=85°$.
b.
Verify the correct answer by checking all four angles sum to 360°.
[2] Show Solution
$100+85+90+85=360°$ ?
QUESTION 5 [4 marks] — Criterion D
Medium
A four-sided garden plot has three measured corner angles: 88°, 92°, and 95°.
a.
Find the size of the fourth angle.
[2] Show Solution
$$x=360-88-92-95=85°$$
b.
A landscaper claims the plot 'must be a perfect rectangle' since three of the angles are 'close to 90°'. Evaluate this claim using your answer.
[2] Show Solution
The claim is incorrect — a true rectangle requires ALL FOUR angles to be exactly 90°. Here, the angles (88°, 92°, 95°, 85°) are close to but not exactly 90°, so the plot is an irregular quadrilateral, not a true rectangle.
QUESTION 6 [2 marks] — Criterion A
Easy
The quadrilateral shown has three known angles.
a.
Find $x$.
[2] Show Solution
$$x=360-92-88-95=85°$$
QUESTION 7 [3 marks] — Criterion A
Medium
A quadrilateral has three known angles: 70°, 110°, 70°.
a.
Find $x$, and identify a special property of this quadrilateral if two pairs of angles turn out to be equal (70°,70° and 110°,$x$° if $x=110$).
[3] Show Solution
$x=360-70-110-70=110°$. Since the angles form two EQUAL pairs (70°,70° and 110°,110°), this could represent a parallelogram (opposite angles equal) — though confirming this fully would require checking the SIDE lengths too, not just angles.
QUESTION 8 [5 marks] — Criterion B
Medium
Investigate how many DIAGONALS a quadrilateral has, and connect this to why splitting it into 2 triangles gives the 360° angle sum.
a.
Draw (describe) the diagonals of a quadrilateral $ABCD$ from vertex $A$. How many diagonals can be drawn from a SINGLE vertex of a quadrilateral?
[2] Show Solution
From vertex $A$, only ONE diagonal can be drawn (to the opposite vertex $C$) — diagonals to the two ADJACENT vertices ($B$ and $D$) would just be the existing SIDES of the quadrilateral, not diagonals.
b.
Explain how this single diagonal splits the quadrilateral into exactly 2 triangles, and use this to explain WHY the angle sum of a quadrilateral must be $2\times180°=360°$.
[3] Show Solution
The diagonal from $A$ to $C$ divides quadrilateral $ABCD$ into triangle $ABC$ and triangle $ACD$ — together, these two triangles' angles EXACTLY make up all four angles of the original quadrilateral (with no gaps or overlaps). Since each triangle has an angle sum of 180°, the two triangles combined give a total angle sum of $2\times180°=360°$, which is exactly the quadrilateral's angle sum.
QUESTION 9 [4 marks] — Criterion B
Hard
Investigate whether a quadrilateral can have angles $200°, 60°, 50°, 50°$ (summing correctly to 360°), and what this reveals about angle size limits within a valid quadrilateral shape.
a.
Verify that $200+60+50+50=360°$, confirming the angle SUM is technically correct.
[1] Show Solution
$200+60+50+50=360°$ ? — the sum is correct.
b.
Despite the correct SUM, explain why a quadrilateral CANNOT actually have an interior angle of 200° if it is meant to be a SIMPLE (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral with all vertices pointing 'outward' (convex) — what does an interior angle greater than 180° actually represent geometrically?
[3] Show Solution
An interior angle greater than 180° corresponds to a REFLEX angle — this means the quadrilateral would need to be CONCAVE (non-convex) at that vertex, with the shape 'caving inward' rather than all vertices pointing outward. While such a concave quadrilateral IS technically a valid quadrilateral (angles summing to 360° still holds even for concave shapes), it would NOT be a simple convex quadrilateral like a typical rectangle or parallelogram — the 200° angle signals the shape must have an unusual, non-convex form.
QUESTION 10 [4 marks] — Criterion C
Medium
A student calculates a quadrilateral's fourth angle, given three angles 88°, 95°, 102°, by writing '$88+95+102=285°$, so the fourth angle equals 285° too' (repeating the sum as the answer, instead of subtracting from 360°).
a.
Explain the error, and find the correct fourth angle.
[2] Show Solution
The student found the SUM of the three known angles but then incorrectly used that number AS the fourth angle, rather than subtracting it from 360° to find the REMAINING angle. Correct: $360-285=75°$.
b.
Verify the correct answer by checking all four angles sum to 360°.
[2] Show Solution
$88+95+102+75=360°$ ?.
QUESTION 11 [3 marks] — Criterion C
Medium
A classmate says: 'a quadrilateral with all four angles equal MUST be a square.'
a.
Explain why this claim is incorrect, giving a specific example of a quadrilateral with all four angles equal (each 90°) that is NOT a square.
[3] Show Solution
A RECTANGLE (that isn't also a square) has all four angles equal to 90° each, but its SIDES are not all equal length (it has two pairs of different-length sides) — a square specifically requires BOTH all angles equal to 90° AND all sides equal in length; equal angles alone (as in any rectangle) is not sufficient to guarantee a square.
QUESTION 12 [5 marks] — Criterion D
Medium
A four-sided plot of land for a community garden has measured angles 85°, 95°, and 90°, with one corner angle unmeasured.
a.
Find the fourth (unmeasured) angle.
[2] Show Solution
$$x=360-85-95-90=90°$$
b.
The garden planning committee wants to install a rectangular raised bed in the corner with the 90° angle. Given the OTHER angles are 85° and 95° (not exactly 90°), explain what practical challenge this creates for fitting a perfectly rectangular raised bed elsewhere in the garden, and suggest how the design might need to adapt.
[3] Show Solution
Since only ONE corner (90°) matches a true right angle, a rectangular raised bed would fit PERFECTLY only in that specific corner — attempting to place a rectangular bed elsewhere (near the 85° or 95° corners) would leave AWKWARD GAPS or require the bed to be angled/cut to match the plot's actual irregular shape. The design might need custom-shaped beds (trapezoidal or otherwise irregular) for the non-90° corners, or the raised beds could be positioned centrally, away from the irregular edges entirely, to avoid the fitting problem.
QUESTION 13 [5 marks] — Criterion D
Hard
A regular quadrilateral (i.e. a square) has all sides length 8m. A LANDSCAPE architect wants to redesign it into an IRREGULAR quadrilateral with the SAME perimeter (32m), but with one angle increased to 130° while keeping the area as large as possible.
a.
If three of the new quadrilateral's angles are 130°, 70°, 70° (chosen to balance the shape), find the fourth angle.
[2] Show Solution
$$360-130-70-70=90°$$
b.
Explain, in general terms (without detailed area calculations), why a SQUARE typically encloses the MAXIMUM possible area for a GIVEN fixed perimeter among all quadrilaterals, meaning this redesign to an irregular shape (even with the same 32m perimeter) will likely result in a SMALLER enclosed area than the original square.
[3] Show Solution
Among all quadrilaterals with a fixed perimeter, the SQUARE (with all sides and angles equal) is known to maximize the enclosed area — any deviation from this perfectly regular, symmetric shape (like stretching one angle to 130° while compressing others) typically REDUCES the enclosed area for the same total perimeter, since irregular or elongated shapes tend to 'waste' boundary length relative to the area they enclose, compared to a more compact, symmetric shape like a square.